Between 2009 and 2014, the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro became the focus of one of the most widely reported religious-land-use controversies in the United States.
The story in brief
The story began with ICM's search for a larger home and its purchase of about 15 acres on Veals Road in November 2009. What followed included public meetings, demonstrations, vandalism, an arson attack at the construction site in August 2010, threats, extensive litigation, national media coverage, federal involvement, and ultimately the opening of the new Islamic center in 2012.
The years that followed also brought expanded interfaith dialogue and community engagement, including the 2013 God's Books interreligious conference.
ICM Leadership & Community
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ICM Imam
Ossama Bahloul served as Imam of the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro and became one of its principal public representatives during the controversy surrounding the new center.
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He represented the congregation in local and national media, took part in legal proceedings (including as a plaintiff alongside ICM in the July 2012 federal suit), responded publicly to threats and opposition, and spoke extensively about religious freedom and the experiences of Murfreesboro's Muslim community.
After the new center opened, Bahloul remained closely involved in interfaith engagement. He was one of the four organizers of the first annual God's Books conference, held at ICM on November 3, 2013, which brought nearly 450 people of different religious backgrounds to the center.
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ICM Board Member and Spokesperson
Saleh Sbenaty, a professor of engineering at Middle Tennessee State University, was a longtime member and board member of the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro and one of the most visible representatives of the congregation during the construction controversy.
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As opposition to the project grew, Sbenaty frequently represented ICM in interviews with local, national, and international media. He discussed the history of the Muslim community, the need for a larger facility, the effects of the controversy on local Muslim families, and the congregation's efforts to continue construction despite legal and public challenges.
His declaration also became part of the legal record surrounding the project. When the notice litigation finally ended in 2014, he was among the ICM voices speaking publicly about the outcome.
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ICM Vice President, Community Representative and Public Voice
Abdou Kattih served as vice president of the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro during this period and was directly in charge of the decision to purchase the Veals Road property where ICM stands today. ICM bought the roughly 15-acre site in November 2009, and Kattih remained involved in the events surrounding its development.
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During the years that followed the 2010 planning approval, Kattih represented ICM publicly, interacted with law-enforcement and government officials, and participated in meetings concerning the civil-rights issues facing the congregation.
On September 28, 2010, he was among ICM representatives who met with Thomas E. Perez, head of the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, during Perez's visit to Middle Tennessee as federal authorities became increasingly involved in responding to threats and concerns surrounding the Muslim community.
Kattih also became a public community voice during the controversy and was identified in contemporary coverage as ICM's vice president.
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Early ICM Leader and Board Member
Dr. Essam Fathy's role in the history of Murfreesboro's Muslim community predates the Veals Road controversy by decades.
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Accounts of ICM's early history describe members of the city's small Muslim community gathering for prayer in an apartment rented by Fathy before the congregation eventually moved through several larger locations.
During the controversy over the new center, Fathy served as an ICM board member. His declaration was also used as evidence in federal proceedings concerning the mosque.
John M. Green played a central role in representing the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro through its years of legal challenges.
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Green served as one of ICM's principal local attorneys and became a consistent legal representative and public voice concerning ICM's rights under state and federal law.
He also participated in the broader community story surrounding the mosque. When ICM celebrated the opening of its new facility in November 2012, Green was among those invited to address the congregation and community.
His representation continued after the mosque opened. In 2014, Green represented ICM in proceedings over its cemetery on the Veals Road property. The Rutherford County Board of Zoning Appeals approved the cemetery in January 2014. When opponents sued, Green asked Robert Corlew to step aside from the case, and Corlew recused himself in March 2014. The court later dismissed the lawsuit, with Paul Summers presiding after the local judges recused themselves, ruling that the Board had acted properly.
His sustained involvement makes John Green an important figure in the legal history of the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro.
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Attorney in Federal Litigation
George E. Barrett of Barrett Johnston, LLC represented the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro and Ossama Bahloul, alongside the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, in the federal suit filed on July 18, 2012, over the center's ability to occupy its completed building.
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His involvement formed part of the broader legal effort to protect ICM's constitutional and federal religious-land-use rights.
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Becket Fund for Religious Liberty
Luke Goodrich, then Deputy General Counsel of the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, led Becket's representation of ICM. In July 2012, Becket filed ICM's own federal lawsuit, which argued that holding the mosque to a different standard than a Christian church violated the Constitution and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA).
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The organization argued that a Muslim congregation was entitled to the same land-use protections provided to other religious institutions. After the state-court challenges ended in 2014, the federal suit was dismissed as moot.
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U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
Thomas E. Perez, then Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, visited Murfreesboro on September 28, 2010, and met with leaders of Middle Tennessee's Muslim community.
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The Justice Department subsequently became directly involved in the controversy. In the 2010 state-court case, it filed a brief stating that Islam is a recognized religion.
On July 18, 2012, after a state chancery court ruling blocked the completed mosque from receiving a certificate of occupancy, the Department filed a federal lawsuit under RLUIPA against Rutherford County.
Interfaith & Community Allies
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Rabbi, Scholar and Interfaith Leader
Rami Shapiro, a former adjunct professor of religious studies at MTSU and director of One River, became a prominent local voice for interreligious understanding during and after the mosque controversy.
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He publicly supported the religious freedom of Murfreesboro's Muslim community and developed a close working relationship with ICM leaders.
In 2013, Shapiro joined Ossama Bahloul, Sally Holt and Ron Messier in organizing the God's Books conference at ICM, where he was also a speaker.
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Religion Professor and Interfaith Organizer
Sally Holt, an associate professor of religion at Belmont University, played an important role in developing the interfaith relationships that emerged following the mosque controversy.
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Holt worked with Ossama Bahloul, Rami Shapiro and Ron Messier to organize the 2013 God's Books conference and spoke from a Protestant Christian perspective.
The event, held November 3, 2013, brought nearly 450 people to ICM for discussions among Muslim, Christian and Jewish scholars about their respective sacred texts. Other speakers included Jamal Badawi, Frederick Bauerschmidt and John Oliver.
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Scholar and Interfaith Organizer
Ron Messier, MTSU professor emeritus and former director of the University Honors Program, had extensive experience in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies.
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He joined Bahloul, Holt and Shapiro in organizing God's Books and served as moderator of the conference.
Messier helped connect scholars and religious leaders and contributed to efforts to transform the experiences of the preceding years into opportunities for dialogue.
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Pastor of Grace Baptist Church and Religious-Freedom Advocate
In 2010, Russell Richardson was pastor of Grace Baptist Church, the congregation immediately next to the proposed mosque site.
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He told local media that his church wanted to be neighborly to its new neighbors, and he posted a public message on the church's website stating that violence and intimidation are not Christian actions.
His position represented an important example of local Christian support during the early stages of the controversy. By 2012–2013, an interim pastor, Dan Watts, was leading the congregation.
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ACLU of Tennessee
As executive director of the ACLU of Tennessee, Hedy Weinberg publicly addressed the constitutional and religious-liberty questions raised by the controversy.
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The ACLU supported the principle that ICM and its members were entitled to the same constitutional protections afforded to other religious communities.
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Executive Director, Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition
Stephen Fotopulos, executive director of the Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition, became one of the civil-rights voices responding publicly to arguments that local communities should be permitted to prevent mosques from being built. In 2011 he criticized Herman Cain's comments on the subject as reflecting a profound misunderstanding of the Constitution.
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He emphasized the constitutional protections governing religious freedom in the United States.
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Rutherford County Mayor
Ernest Burgess became an important government figure in the controversy.
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Burgess defended the county's treatment of ICM's application under existing land-use regulations and publicly emphasized the government's obligation to follow constitutional principles.
The county itself subsequently became a defendant in litigation brought by residents challenging the approval process.
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Congressional Candidate and Public Supporter
During the intense public debate of 2010, Ben Leming, a Marine and Iraq combat veteran running as a Democrat for Tennessee's 6th congressional district, publicly defended the rights of Murfreesboro's Muslim residents. He described the people who wanted to build the mosque as neighbors.
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His comments stood in contrast to those of Republican candidates and officials who publicly criticized or questioned the mosque project.
Legal Opposition
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Attorney for Mosque Opponents
Joe Brandon Jr. became the principal legal representative for residents challenging Rutherford County's approval and handling of the Islamic Center project.
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During the litigation, Brandon presented arguments concerning the county's public-notice process as well as broader claims about Islam and Islamic law.
He continued representing plaintiffs as the litigation proceeded through Tennessee courts and subsequent appeals, ending with the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to hear the case in June 2014.
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Attorney for Plaintiffs
Tom Smith of Franklin joined Joe Brandon in representing plaintiffs challenging actions taken by Rutherford County regarding the Islamic Center.
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He remained involved as the litigation continued through the appellate process, including the unsuccessful application to the Tennessee Supreme Court.
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Plaintiff and Public Opponent
Kevin Fisher became one of the most visible residents opposing the mosque project. A two-time candidate for local office, he led the July 2010 march on the Rutherford County courthouse square.
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He participated in public debate, appeared extensively in media coverage, and became a named plaintiff in litigation challenging Rutherford County's approval process.
The resulting appellate case, Fisher v. Rutherford County Regional Planning Commission (Tenn. Ct. App., No. M2012-01397-COA-R3-CV), became an important part of the legal history of the controversy. The Court of Appeals reversed the chancery court's notice ruling on May 29, 2013.
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Plaintiff
Lisa Moore was one of the Rutherford County residents who participated as a plaintiff in litigation challenging the county's actions concerning the Islamic Center project.
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Her involvement placed her among the individuals whose claims were considered during the lengthy state-court proceedings.
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Plaintiff
Henry Golczynski was another plaintiff involved in the legal challenge to Rutherford County's handling of the Islamic Center project.
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He remained associated with the litigation as it continued through the Tennessee court system.
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Plaintiff
James Estes was among the four individuals named in the original September 2010 lawsuit challenging the Islamic Center and Rutherford County's approval process. The case was initially captioned Estes v. Rutherford County.
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Activist and Organization Leader
Laurie Cardoza-Moore, president of Proclaiming Justice to the Nations, became one of the most visible activists associated with organized opposition to the Islamic Center project.
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She participated in the public campaign surrounding the mosque. Contemporary reporting stated that her organization retained and paid one of the two attorneys handling the plaintiffs' case.
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Witness for the Plaintiffs
Frank Gaffney, president of the Center for Security Policy and a former Defense Department official in the Reagan administration, testified in the 2010 chancery hearings. Although he acknowledged he was not an expert on Shariah law, he testified that Shariah, and by extension the mosque, posed a threat to America.
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Corlew ruled his testimony about "red flags of terrorism" inadmissible, reasoning that Islam is a religion entitled to the same right to construct a building as a church. Gaffney's appearance was among the most widely reported moments of the hearing.
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Witness
Timothy Jones Cummings Sr. appeared as a witness during the court proceedings and presented material concerning Islam and Islamic law.
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His testimony became part of the unusual and nationally reported courtroom debate over whether questions about Islamic belief were relevant to a local land-use dispute.
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Religious Opponent
Dusty Ray of Heartland Baptist Church was among the local religious figures who publicly opposed the proposed Islamic center.
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He participated in public gatherings during the highly contentious period surrounding the project in 2010, where he told the crowd the effort was aimed at stopping a political movement.
Political Figures in the Public Debate
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Rutherford County Commissioner and Congressional Candidate
During her 2010 campaign for Congress in Tennessee's 6th district, Republican Lou Ann Zelenik publicly opposed the proposed Islamic center, describing it as a political movement rather than a religious one.
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Her statements attracted significant media attention and helped bring the Murfreesboro controversy into Tennessee's congressional campaign. She lost the 2010 Republican primary to Diane Black, faced her again in 2012, and remained an opponent of ICM projects, including the cemetery, in 2014.
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Tennessee State Senator
Bill Ketron of Murfreesboro became part of the broader political debate surrounding Islam and Islamic law in Tennessee during the same period as the Murfreesboro controversy.
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In 2011 he co-sponsored legislation, with Rep. Judd Matheny, that would have made practicing Sharia a crime in Tennessee. That legislative activity placed him within the wider political context in which the ICM dispute occurred.
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Tennessee Lieutenant Governor
Ron Ramsey, a candidate for governor in 2010, made public comments in Chattanooga in July 2010 suggesting it was arguable whether Islam is a religion at all, and he voiced objections to the county's handling of the Islamic center's approval. He later said he was concerned that much of Islam resembled a violent political philosophy.
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Those comments received statewide and national attention and became associated with the broader discussion surrounding the Murfreesboro mosque controversy.
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Presidential Candidate
The Murfreesboro controversy entered national presidential politics in July 2011, when Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain campaigned in Murfreesboro and told reporters he opposed the mosque and did not consider it an innocent place of worship. He also said communities could choose to oppose mosques.
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His comments generated national attention and prompted a public response from ICM Ossama Bahloul and others. Cain later apologized to Muslim leaders for comments that suggested otherwise about his commitment to religious freedom.
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Tennessee State Senator and U.S. Representative
Diane Black was a state senator when she won the 2010 Republican primary for Tennessee's 6th congressional district over Lou Ann Zelenik, in a race shaped heavily by the Murfreesboro mosque debate. During the campaign she said she would respect religious freedom, but she was also a sponsor of anti-Shariah legislation.
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After taking office as a U.S. Representative, she faced Zelenik again in 2012 and publicly emphasized her anti-Shariah record during that campaign.
Other Figures in the Public Controversy
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Cross Display Near ICM
In 2012, before ICM's new facility opened, a group of large white crosses was installed on property associated with neighboring Grace Baptist Church. Reports at the time counted 13 crosses; a 2013 account counted 23.
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Contemporary reporting identified Mack Richards as the person who constructed the crosses at the request of church member Bobby Francis.
The display attracted media attention and became another episode in the continuing public debate surrounding the mosque.
Judicial & Government Figures
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Rutherford County Chancery Court
Robert Corlew presided over major portions of the state litigation challenging Rutherford County's approval of the Islamic Center.
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In November 2010, after weeks of hearings, Corlew denied the plaintiffs' request to halt construction. He found they had not shown the mosque posed a threat and ruled that Islam is a religion entitled to the same protections as a church. He later ruled, in a decision issued May 29, 2012 (with an order entered June 1), that Rutherford County had failed to provide adequate public notice before the Planning Commission meeting at which ICM's site plan was approved.
That ruling became central to the 2012 dispute over whether the completed Islamic center could receive its certificate of occupancy. It did not stand: the Tennessee Court of Appeals reversed it on May 29, 2013, concluding the notice was adequate under the Open Meetings Act. In March 2014, Corlew recused himself from the separate cemetery case at ICM's request.
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United States District Court
Todd Campbell presided over federal proceedings concerning ICM's ability to obtain inspection and occupancy approval.
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On July 18, 2012, the day the Justice Department and ICM filed their federal suits, the court issued a temporary restraining order directing Rutherford County to proceed with the final inspection and to issue a certificate of occupancy if the building satisfied the applicable requirements.
The decision was a pivotal event in allowing the new Islamic center to open. The congregation moved into the first phase of the building in August 2012.
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Attorneys for Rutherford County
Josh McCreary and James Cope represented Rutherford County in litigation challenging the county's approval of the Islamic Center.
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Although they did not represent ICM directly, the county's defense of its approval process became an important component of the litigation that ultimately determined whether construction and use of the center could proceed.
From Controversy to Community Dialogue
The people documented here did not share the same objectives, beliefs, or perspectives.
Some were members of the Islamic Center seeking a larger place to worship. Some defended the congregation's constitutional rights. Some opposed the project or challenged it in court. Others were government officials, attorneys, judges, journalists, scholars, clergy, or neighbors whose actions became part of the story.
Together, their involvement documents an extraordinary period in Murfreesboro's history.
The story that began with the purchase of land in November 2009 eventually involved vandalism, an arson attack, a federally prosecuted bomb threat, demonstrations, multiple lawsuits, federal civil-rights involvement and national attention.
The new Islamic Center opened for worship in August 2012, and ICM held its grand opening celebration on November 18, 2012.
On November 3, 2013, nearly 450 Muslims, Christians, Jews and members of the broader community gathered inside the center for the first annual God's Books interreligious conference, organized by Ossama Bahloul, Sally Holt, Ron Messier and Rami Shapiro.
The litigation over the original approval reached the end of its appellate path in 2014. The Tennessee Court of Appeals had reversed the chancery court's notice ruling in May 2013, the Tennessee Supreme Court declined review in fall 2013, and the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the plaintiffs' appeal in June 2014. A separate lawsuit over ICM's cemetery was dismissed later that year.
This archive preserves the names and events of those years so future generations can examine the record, understand the different perspectives involved, and explore the documents, photographs, news coverage and firsthand accounts for themselves.